2.1 Enterprise Informatization, the Popularization and Application of Electronics Information Technology in Industry
Enterprise informatization implies that the enterprise, at each hierarchy, each link and each aspect such as that of production, management and operation, etc., chooses modern information technology and equipment such as the advanced applicable computer, communications, network and software, etc., while combing the information technology and modern management technology together with the manufacturing technique, and then applying them in each stage of enterprise production, so as to realize the digitization and networking managements of the enterprise on the fund, logistics, job information streams, thus equipping the enterprise with overall automation and modernization step by step.
Computers started to serve for Chinese machinery industry in the 1960s, and began being popularized and promoted in the enterprise in a planned way after the 1980s. In the later period of the 1980s, the computer integrated system was enlisted in the national "863 Plans", and the demonstrative engineering of computer integrated system application began to be put into effect. Machinery manufacturing sectors such as Shenyang No 1 Machine Tool Factory and Beijing No. 1 Machine Toll Factory, etc. had successively introduced the material resources planning (MRP) and the manufacturing resources planning (MRP-II). At the beginning of the 1990s, a coordination guidance group was founded for the national CAD application projects, and the computer-aided design (CAD) technology was universalized in the whole nation, and gained very good effect. After 1995, the computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) and the enterprise resources planning (ERP) started popularizing and applying in Chinese enterprises, having played an important role in the transformation and elevation of traditional industries and the production, operation, management policy-making of enterprises. Over the past two years, the central government and local governments as well as a batch of enterprises, especially the national key enterprises the implementation of enterprise information projects. From 1999 to 2001, the investment and the planned investment of enterprise informatization construction had been increasing year by year, with a growth rate of 8.27% and 13.16% respectively, and with an average growth rate more than 10%, showing an accelerated increase trend. In 20000, the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC), the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) founded jointly "the Leading Work Group of Enterprise Informatization", which is responsible for the leadership of the enterprise informatization. With the entering of the new century, the state informzatization leading group and his direct subordinative information office under the leadership of the State Council were founded to push "driving industrilization with informatization", thus opening a brand-new page of promoting energetically Chinese enterprise informatization construction.
2.1.1 Informatization equipment
According to the inquiry investigation in 2001 by SETC Economic Information Center to the informatization conditions of 638 state key enterprises and local backbone enterprises, 638 enterprises have the information equipment as indicated in the Table.

As shown in the Table, information equipment of the investigated enterprises is high in level and large in quantity, which has laid a sound better base for promoting information construction and application.
2.1.2 Utilization of operating system in enterprise (the Table)

2.1.3 Popularization and Application of computer-aided design (CAD)
As a result of several years of popularization, CAD's technology has been extensively applied at the sectors of machinery, electronics, aerospace, chemical industry and building, etc., while having played an active role in raising enterprise design efficiency, optimized the design scheme, relieved the labor intensity of technicians, shortening the design period and strengthening the design standardization etc. In recent years, China has achieved a dramatic progress in the development and application of CAD technology. In addition to indigenization and the second-time development of many overseas software, there have appeared a few of CAD system with specific copyright, such as open directory CAD, Gao Hua CAD and PICAD, etc. These CAD software have received the extensive welcome and gained the bigger and bigger market share owing to the fact that they are inexpensive and comply with Chinese national situation and specifications, rendering support for enterprises in realizing design modernization. Viewed from the acceptance of partial projects of the Ninth Five-year Plan, the application of CAD's technology has resulted in an input-output ratio of 1:17, and a newly increased output value of RMB 700 million. At present almost all the large-medium building planning and engineering institutes in China have widely taken CAD's technology into use. Such industries as building materials, metallurgy, chemical industry and machinery, etc. have mostly employed the computer-aided design system, and the whole nation has had more than 10000 units throwing off the drawing plate, and gained good social and economic benefits.
2.1.4 Application of material resource planning system (MRP)
According to the statistics, there are less than 800 enterprises in China with the comprehensive implementation of MRP system. The popularity rate is very low, no more than millesimal. MRP distribution in various industries is shown in the Figure.
2.1.5 Application of computer-integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) and the enterprise resources panning system (ERP)
Up to now, China has near .300 large enterprises introducing CIMS or ERP, some of which have achieved the good effect and reached the world level, and some even have taken the lead in the world. According to the statistics of more than 50 CIMS-applied pilot enterprises, an average development period of new products have shortened by 1/5-1/3, a stocking-occupied fund compressed by 20% and an output increased by 50-100%. Since utilizing CIMS, the Harbin Motor Factory has the making period of bidding documents shortened from 5-6 moths to 1.5-2 months, the date of delivery averagely shortened 3-6 moths, and the composite cost reduced by 2%-3%; the Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Factory has the production cycle of overweight digital control double housing planer shortened from 36 months to 18 months, and the production cycle at process center decreased from 12 months to 6 months. The "Side Model" of Heilogjiang Sida Papermaking Co., Ltd, by using CIMS technology and ERP theory and following the objective reality to implement enterprise informatization, has raised the coverage rate of its products at domestic market up to 63%, has had the seven major economic technology quotas creating the best historical level, has stepped to the list of the top hundred enterprises in the national light industry, and its manufacturing cost per ton has resources application, the Legend Group, with the implementation of ERP system, has the date of delivery averagely shortened from 11 days to 5.7 days, the stock period fell from 35 days to 19.2 days, and the purchase orders daily handled per capita increasing from 13 to 314. Having formulated the Enterprise Informatization Development Plan in 1992, the Hairer Group built up the refrigerator CAD system at the same year. Harer also built up Haier Website and network communication system in 1996, built enterprise Intranet and Extranet in 1997, realizing the share of information resources. In 2000, Harer has its raw materials 100% purchased on the Internet, with the sales volume reaching RMB 17 billion through the network. Haier has invested a total amount of RMB 35 million for enterprise informatization, which has created a direct economic effect up to RMB 500 million.
2.1.6 Popularization of enterprise informatization
As per the statistics by the relative department in the end of 1999, the informatization application system of 100 large enterprises has the coverage as shown in Figure 2, and Internet is utilized as shown in the Figure
As required by China financial, tax and HR departments for electronic calculations in finance and the electronicsization of report forms in tax and human resource management, office automation (OA) has the highest popularity rate of 16%, taking the lead in all systems in terms of comprehensive application. Another investigation made by the relative departments in 2001 to the 100 large-scale enterprises, shows that the actual demand accounts for 68% for the possessed computer hardware, 54% for Internet-connected computers, and 54% for the service department of Internet connection.
According to the investigation, it is also indicated that in the large-scale manufacturing enterprises, the application systems such as CAD, MIS and manufacturing management etc., have been universally used to a certain degree, but few of them wholly covering all the enterprise business, and the enterprises with the popularty rate of CAD reached more than 60% account for only 31% among all the investigated enterprises. The enterprises beginning to build ERP have raised to 70% up to now
At present, most enterprises have come to know the importance of e-Commerce and 70% of them have started to build up e-Commerce. The low-level use of Internet has been universalized in enterprises. 91% of enterprises have Websites and homepages. The enterprise Intranet is narrowly applied and hasn't come into deeply combination with the enterprise business. Among 100 large enterprises there are 16 having not utilized the network in the purchasing management. And there are very few medium-small enterprises handling with marketing and sales through Internet. Owing to the fact that China hasn't built up the trade chains and hasn't formed the enterprise alliance, the enterprises have less demand on the construction of Extranets. There are 17 enterprises without utilizing network in research and development and 22 without manufacturing management. Unfavorable effects have achieved even with the use of network. All these fully demonstrated that the Chinese enterprise informatization systems in general are still in individual applications stage and their synthetical application still is in initial stage.
In the meantime, there are more and more specialized websites of government service with a richer service content, a constantly intensified function and a sharply increased interaction. Departments from central to local, such as those of Industry and Commerce Authority, Customs Office, the National Tax Authority and Local Tax Authority etc introduce one after another the various Internet-based office business. For example, Beijing Industry and Commerce Administration Bureau builds Net Office Platform -Hong Dun 315 Website (www.hd315.gov.cn) and has started various services such as approval of special items on Internet, registration and yearly inspection on Internet, legal authentication of businessmen identity and operating behaviors on Internet, filing and authorization of operating Web Site, as well as filing and registration of domain name etc. One 1 June, 2001, the "China Electronics Port" (www.chinaport.gov.cn) was popularized and implemented each port all round China, with the joint participation of twelve ministries and commissions including General Administration of Customs, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, State Bureau of Taxation, the People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, State Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, State Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Railways, Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Ministry of Information Industry. "China Electronics Port" centralized and stored in the Public Data Center the electronic base accounts data of information stream, fund stream and goods stream etc of the imports and exports service under the separately management of the above departments, and realizes the data sharing and data exchanging on the unified, safety and efficient computer physical platform. Each administrative department can cut across departments and trades to verify the networking data, as required by law enforcement and administration, and the enterprise also can handle the various imports and exports procedures on the net.

2.2 Agricultural Informatization, Popularization and Appliance of Electronic Information Technology in Agriculture
China has been valuing and supporting the agricultural Informatization. In 1994, the "Golden Agriculture" project was included in National Economic Informatization Programs. The Ministry of Science and Technology convened a special "Science and Technology Working Conference of Agriculture Informatization" in November. 1998, on which a study was proceeded on issues and technologies of agriculture informazation under the subject of "Agricultural Experts' Decisions and Information Technology System Study" in major 96-019 project of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan". During the National Technology Invention and Innovation Conference in August. 1999, it was required "to accelerate the innovation and popularization of the key technology in agriculture and rural economic development, to speed up the combination of information technology and biological technology together with traditional agriculture technology, to make research and development of a batch of key technology, rendering a powerful support in scientific technology for Chinese agricultural modernization", and the importance of invention and innovation of agricultural scientific technology is further made clear.
In recent years, the rapid development of Chinese agriculture informatization have played more and more important role in the issuance of agricultural information, the providing of technological service and the guidance of production and management. According to statistics by the Information Center of Ministry of Agriculture, by December 31 2000 there has been nearly 2600 agricultural websites at home and abroad registered in the database management system of agricultural websites. Among them, more than 2200 websites are domestic, and near 1600 could maintain normal operation. The trades which these websites belong to and the information contents involve 18 categories and 127 subcategories, covering all aspects of agriculture and rural economy.
With the development of Chinese network and computer information technology, the trade weaknesses of Chinese agriculture, such as high decentralization, small mass production, great variation of by time and space, mass and quantitative production to small extent, and low stability and controllability have been greatly overcome. The extensive application information technology in agriculture will play more and more important role in agricultural development. Since 1990, the Ministry of Science and Technology has been rendering a significant support to list the intelligent agriculture information technology, such as agricultural specialists system, etc., as major subject. Moreover, during the years from 1996 to 1998, a project of pilot application of intelligent agriculture information technology" with agricultural specialists system as a core was implemented in the form of pilot area respectively in Beijing, Yunnan, Anhui and Jilin, in roder to exploit practical experience and development models in the service of information technology for agriculture. The pilot projects introduced sequentially 5 high-level development platforms for agricultural specialist system. It made dramatic progress on key technology, such as knowledges acquisition, model building, knowledge expression and inference, network and application of WEB server, and, on the technology of system integration. And it has developed a total number of 156 practical agricultural specialist systems with the type of "high yield", "economical" and "high-quality", involving various agricultural fields such as grain, fruit tree, vegetable, livestock and aquatic products. The application of them in 20 pilot areas has made remarkable social and economic benefits.
The development platform for agricultural specialists system is the basis of pilot project, embodying its technological level. The Agricultural Information Technology Research Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Jiling University, Haerbin Industry University and Hefei Intelligent Mechanical Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, introduced 5 development platforms for agricultural specialist system, with characteristics of high-level technology, easy using and at the level of 863 plan brand, to pilot areas for second development and utilization. They also supported 9 different kinds of key technologies or practical systems, and brought about integration of development platform with them. According to the statistics, from 1998 to 1999, China promoted a total number of 80 agricultural specialists system in 365 districts or counties (farms), from which 2.109 million peasant families benefited. Due to these systems on mass of 13.416 million mus, the yield increased by 640 million kg, the output value by RMB 650 million, the costs saved by RMB 190 million and the net total value from increasing and saving was RMB 830 million. By the year of 2001, 176 agricultural specialist systems were popularized in 776 districts or counties (farms) from which 3.37 million peasant families benefited. In the implemented land of 24.54 million, mus, the yield increased by 1.42 billion kg, output value by RMB 1.68 billion, the costs saved by RMB 450 million and the net total value from increasing the saving was RMB 2.12 billion. During these two years, the pilot agricultural specialist system, was popularized in accumulative total 37.96 million mus, in which the yield increased by 2.6 billion kg, the output value by RMB 2.33 billion, the costs saved by RMB 640 million, and the net total value from increasing and saving was RMB 2.95 billion. In addition, this system also was spreaded in an area of 85.4 billion mus in which the yield increased by 2.7 billion kg, the output value by RMB 3.5 billion, the costs saved by RMB 1 billion and the net total value from increasing and saving was RMB 4.5 billion. In addition to the contribution from the self-progress of agricultural science and technology, the social benefits made by the agricultural specialist system was expected to approximate RMB 1.5 billion.
Through carrying out the intelligent agriculte information technology pilot programs, an agricultural information technology popularizing force was established, and the accumulated man-times for agricultural technician and information technician training was approximate 500,000. The service method developed from single user to network, to popularization. The pursued aim developed from the type of output to that of quality plus benefit to fit in with the adjustment for industrial structure of Chinese agriculture. The popularization and application of these pilot programs dramatically increased the contribution efficiency of technology progress to agricultural development of pilot areas. At same time, the implementation of these pilot programs enhanced the science and technology awareness and cultural quality of numerous peasants at the grass-roots, strengthened the popularization system of agricultural technology, overcame the weakness of specialist shortage and inadequate knowledge that specialists mastered, improved traditional popularization measures of agricultural technology, prompted transformation of agricultural scientific and technological fruits. By means of various media such as soft products of intelligent information technology, CD, computer network, etc., it changed the outdated situation that popularized only by means of manpower, mail and broadcast, while having enhanced the efficiency of technology popularization and reduced the difficulties in popularization of agricultural scientific technology caused by area partition. The application of pilot projects of intelligent agriculture information technology brought peasant material benefits, played a role in increasing yield, saved costs and increased profits. And it up-speeded the transfer from traditional to modernized agriculture, shortened the difference between the advanced domestic and foreign levels, while having accelerated the transfer of agricultural technology popularization from the part to the whole, quality to quantity, static to dynamic, and passive to positive.
In general, since Chinese agriculture had little to start off with a weak foundation, the electronic information technology is still popularized and applied at lower level and agricultural informatization is still at the initial stage of its establishment. It also has many problems such as weaker capital construction for agricultural information system, lack of funds for hardware construction, network operation, software development and information collection and issuance. In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture started the Action Plan for Countryside Market Information Services of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, in which it was expected to reach the goal of unifying the form, thoughts, step and technical standard and concentrating funds in providing market information services for peasants, supporting mutually and joining force between agricultural social service system and newspapers and periodicals, TV, broadcasting, informatization internet and peasant informant so as to upgrade the services of information for peasants. According to The Action plan for information services, it will take 3-5 years to establish information service network for country side market within 3-5 years, covering all provinces, municipalities, counties, great majority of villages and towns, and the conditioned agricultural industrialized leading enterprises, farm products wholesale markets, agent organizations and major sellers, so as to form an information service system for country market with the integration of information services for countryside market. It is planed to perfect 31 information network platforms at provincial level and to construct 20% information service platforms (about 400-500 PCs) at county level by the end of 2001, to construct 40-50% more information service platforms by the end of 2002, and to complete in succession the remaining 30-40% of those within 2-3 years following 2003.

2.3 Popularization and Application of Electronic Information Technology in National Administration
2.3.1 "Golden" series projects
Since 1993, as a mark of construction of major projects such as "Golden Card", "Golden Tax" and "Golden Customs", China has begun the informatization construction in large scale for national economy and social services. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the "Golden" series projects bore clusters of fruits with the efforts from all parts.
(1) "Golden Card" project bore the expected fruit. The Chinese banks issued credit cards with an annual growth rate of 64%, with yearly increased transaction of 76% and yearly increased special commercial agency of 51%. There were 14 nationwide commercial banks, post saving and remitting office, and some of city commercial banks, agricultural credit cooperatives to open the business of bank card. By the end of 2000, there were 55 financial agencies issuing cards in China, with the total card issuing quantity of 277 million pieces, of which the accounts have the total saving balance up to RMB 290.9 billion. The network service centers of bank card were established in 16 cities in the country, which brought about basically the trans bank using of bank card and equipment sharing. The operation hookup among national bank card information exchanging general center and 8 city centers and 2 commercial bank centers was established, which realized the trans bank and trans-area using of bank card among these cities. With the "Golden Card" project developing in depth, IC card had been extensively applied in many fields such as finance, business and trade, communication, telecom, medical, sanitation and health care, social insurance, tax administration, industry and commercial, public security, code of organization and management of public affairs. For example, there were 230 million pieces of IC cards to be issues, among which telephone IC cards account for 120 million pieces)
(2) "Golden Tax" project had a remarkable effect. It built national network for tax revenue management, and brought about electronicalization for tax revenue levy and management in 16,000 grass-roots levy units making up of approximate 50% of the total amount. The related information of more than 16 million taxpayers was input into computer inspection and management system in tax office. The approximate amount of RMB 600 billion levied tax was processed by computers in whole year, making up 70% of total amount of national tax revenue from industry and commerce in whole year. Since the implementation of the "Golden Tax" project, the extent of levy and management implemented by electronic information system expanded from 10%to over 95% of total business. The computer audit system for special value-added tax invoice has collected 400 million pieces of this invoice from which more than 30,000 dues cases were found and the taxation of over RMB 200 million were inspected and the deficiency in tax payment were made up.
(3) "Golden Customs" project facilitated the development of import and export trade. It built up 4 application systems for quota license system, import and export statistics, export drawback, and cancel after verification of making remittance for import and receiving remittance for export. These four systems form timely import and export information links among the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy, National Customs, State Bureau of Taxation, State Administration of Foreign Exchange and the State Office of Machinery and Electronics, facilitate information resource sharing and related business cooperation, and create economic and social benefits. After building the ration permission management system and putting it into service, it has made the Chinese management of quotation license system for export commodity reach up to the international level, eliminating in main the conflict between both parties caused by false and forged permission, and realize the bill operation without paper in foreign trade transportation and business in partial foreign enterprises. "Golden Customs" project play an important role in pushing the work forward in shortening the difference of import and export trade between domestic and international, timely settlement of remittance for export and compact against the illegal acts cheating customs out of refund of tax.
2.3.2 Electronic Government Project
In the end of the 1980s, the Party and government offices at State and local level embarked on office automatization (OA) project. It established all kinds of office automatizaton systems and management information system, which served as support in government decision making and information statistics, and laid the foundation for using computer and communication network technology. The "Golden" series projects started by the end of 1993. It was a system project with the characteristics of government informatization, led by the Nation. Its focal point was to construct infrastructure of informatization, to transfer data and information for key trades and departments The project formed embryonic electronic government affairs in the initial stage of e-Government.
By the end of the 1990s, due to constant perfection on information network technology and infrastructure of information, the development of Government, shifted to the fast traffic lane, broke through the limitation of departments and region and went forward to exchanging mutually and Internet. In April 1998, Qingdao set up the first government Website in strict sense "Qingdao Government Affairs Information Public Net" in China. In Jan. 1999, the "Government Website Project" proposed and sponsored jointly by over 40 ministries or commissions and governments at all levels establish their Websites in 1999 and 80% of them establish their Websites in 2000. In May 1999, the number of registered government Website names under gov.cn increased sharply to 1470. Up to the end of January 2001, the total amount 3200 government Websites were established in the WWW, and 70% of governments at level of municipalities and prefecture set up windows dealing with affaires. The government organs developed toward the form of digital and network in information collection, exchanging and issuance, in which it enhanced the efficiency of government office work and shortened the time spent in information collection, statistics and gathering together.
In recent two years, the e-Government affairs developed toward higher level. Many local governments took the national economy and social informtization as the major work in the "Tenth Five-Year Plan". Coastal cities such as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Tianjin proposed plans one after another of building digital city or digital port in which the electronic government affairs was one of core content of them. Some local governments put forward definitely the schedule of e-Government construction. For example, Beijing had its specific aim as follows: to work hard for spending only two years to realize preliminarily that the business of approval, management and service of government to enterprises and residents will be dealed with on the net, and bring preliminarily about the electronic and network technology into office work inside government by the end of 2002. On this base, it will spend 3 more years to accomplish e-Government network system with the characteristics of complete system, reasonable structure, high-speed wide band and mutual linked and communications by the end of 2005, and finally to accomplish and information resource database constructed jointly and shared publicly by Beijing e-Government system to develop fully mutual office work on network.
In the meantime, there are more and more specialized websites of government service with a richer service content, a constantly intensified function and with a sharply increased interaction. Departments from central government to local government, such as those of Industry and Commerce Authority, Customs Office, the National Tax Authority and Local Tax Authority, etc. introduce one after another the various Internet-based office business. For example, Beijing Industrial and Commerciaal Administration Bureau builds Net Office Platform- Hong Dun 315 Website (www.hd315.gov.cn) and has started various services such as approval of special items on Internet, registration and yearly inspection on Internet, legal authentication of businessmen identity and operating behaviors on Internet, filing and authorization of operating Web Site, as well as filing and registration of domain name etc. On 1 June 2001, the "China Electronics Port" (www.chinaport.gov.cn) was popularized and implemented in each port all round China, with the joint participation of twelve ministries and commissions including General Administration of Customs, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, State Bureau of Taxation, the People's Bank of China, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, State Exit-Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Railways, Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Ministry of Information Industry. "China Electronics Port" centralized and stored in the Public Data Center the electronic base accounts data of information stream, fund stream and goods stream etc of the imports and exports service under the separately management of the above departments, and realizes the data sharing and data exchanging on the unified, safety and efficient computer physical platform. Each administrative department can cut across departments and trades to verify the networking data, as required by law enforcement and administration, and the enterprise also can handle the various imports and exports procedures on the net.

2.4 Applications and Dissemination of Electronic Information Technology in the Aspects of Social Life and Service
Applications and Disseminations of Electronic information Technology in the Aspects of Social Life and Service is the important composition of the national informatization. By applying and disseminating electronic information technology, it is aimed to construct social information network, to promote the integration of the networks of communication, television broadcasting and computer, to push forward the course of informatization in the fields such as social comprehensive administration of the city and countryside around the whole country, public infrastructure construction, cultural facilities construction, social insurance, administration of the city and countryside, community service etc, to upgrade the level of the application of information technology for finance, insurance, tax revenue, commerce, medical treatment, education, traffic, tourism, telecommunications, postal service, public security, firefighting, television broadcasting etc. and to provide a high-quality social living environment with stability, convenience, enrichment and shortcut for the masses.
2.4.1 Continuous achievements have been made on the urban information infrastructure construction
Since the 1990s, China communication industry (including communication service and communication products manufacturing) has been maintaining high-speed increase in successive years, and has become one of the industries with the rapidest development in the national economy. China telecomm network has realized the transform of capacity from small to large, of technology from module to digital, of business from single to diversification. By the end of "the ninth five-year plan", the major communications capacity and service volume were double what they were at the end of "the eighth five-year plan", with a growth speed 3.2 times that of GDP at the corresponding period. After entering in the 21st century, China communication industry continues to develop at high-speed. The status of China telecomm development in Jan. 2002 is indicated in the Table.

Rapid development of China communication industry has powerfully promoted the construction of urban information infrastructure, enhanced communization and share as well as mutual communication and dependency of information resources. The total level index of Beijing informatizationcomes first on the list of the whole country. In the late "the ninth five-year plan", backnbone network (2.5 Gb/s) and access network of urban broadband have basically formed a layout covering the whole city, and the public information platform of the Capital has been basically built. Development, utilization, storage, conformity of the information resources have made great headway and come first on the list of the whole country. Beijing has taken the lead in bringing forth the electronic government affair integrate with 125 government websites in the country, and has primarily built the Capital electronic trade center with rectification and solution for e-Commerce seven bottlenecks (authentication system, configuration of safety, mode of payment, Internet, distribution of materials circulation, legal environment, configuration of safety, mode of payment, Internet, distribution of materials circulation, legal environment, and trade platform), expedited the development of various kinds of the e-Commerce, such as B2B, B2C, etc., and constructed a set of significant projects of informzatization application. By the end of 2000, in Beijing, every 100 families possessed 23.5 computers; one family averagely had 1.5 TV sets; cable TV users reached 1.69 million; popularization rate of fixed telephone amounted 50.8 every 100 people; popularization rate of mobile phone users reached 24%; Internet users were 3.08 million (accounting for 13% of the whole 22.5-million users nationwide, and 28% of inhabited population of the whole city). By the end of June 2001, there were 26.5 million of Internet users in the country, among which 5.778 million were Beijing users, accounting for 21.8% and ranking first in the whole country. Tianjing has laid more than 6000 km of communication cable; has opened 35 computer networks; and is testing the operation of Internet exchange platform with "information in the same city being exchanged locally". Jiangsu Province has formed three major optical fiber circuits for South of Jiangsu, mid-Jiangsu and North of Jangsu, where optical fiber communication has almost extended to all villages and towns, and satellite TV has primarily established such framework as "one star in the sky, one net on the ground". Guangdong Province and Ningbo City have formed the multi-connected local information network. In the downtown of Qingdao, the user-access line of telecomm and broadcast & TV has basically realized one wire for one family, and optical fiber cable has reached to the main road. In Shenzhen City, the information network makes full use of post and telecomm network, cable TV network, wireless two-way data net, Golden Bridge information network to establish the unified communication network exchange platform for government department and community service department. The public information platform of the multi-connected and communicated network has boosted the development and utilization of information resources, and has created a new situation in urban community service.
Implementation of construction projects of China urban information infrastructure has not only expedited the informatization construction of the central cities, but also set up an example for informatization construction of each domestic city. The project research of "the general outline, key technology and the application engineering of Capital city informatization" has raised the general outline of the Capital city informatization of "constructing the Capital public information platform, breaking through generality of key technology, implementing a batch of significant projects for informatization application". This general outline with a clean thought and an innovative concept has evoked enormous repercussions in the other cities and provinces, which dispatched their staffs to Beijing for studying it, and some of which took it for reference. On the High-level Forum on City Inforamtization in Asian-Pacific Region in June 2000, Lin Wenyi, deputy mayor of Beijing, who is the person in charge of this project made a report on Capital city informatization, which received the full affirmation and widely favorable comments by the mayors home and abroad attending the meeting.
2.4.2 Experiments of urban community informatization has made progress smoothly.
With the rapid development of China Electronic information Industry and wide application of Internet, informatization of China urban community life start to grow vigorously. Mixture of "Three Networks", i.e. communication network, broadcast TV network and Internet, has provided a wide developing platform for informatization of China urban community life.
In view of the current situation of development, the eastern coastal area, especially Zhujiang Delta and Changjiang Delta, and areas around the Bohai Sea, have been developing rapidly. Cities, like Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Tianjing, Shenzhen, etc. have made the experiments for community informatization. Some of these experiments have applied broadband to family and employed multimedia technology, which provided overall services, such as, food, clothing, shelter and transportation (basic necessities of life), birth, aging, illness and death, cultural entertainment, education, employment and so on, and has obtained useful experience. Shanghai information infrastructure has been in a good and rapid development. "One Card in Common Use" for three kinds of IC cards of finance, traffic and citizen security is being applied. Since Jan. 1999, Shanghai community service network started to provide near 100 items of information service, such as jobs seeking, tax payment, homemaking, house maintenance, community cultural activities, etc. In Nov. 2001, Beijing started community informatization engineering, which cover 8 city zones, 14 counties and 108 residential districts, and built Beijing Community Service Information Network. The whole network is constructed based on the Capital Public Information Platform (CPIP), is made of network system, medical treatment & health care, cultural entertainment, ceremonial service, education & training, consulting service, house management and repair, goods recovery & old goods exchanging, foods, shopping, social welfare, facility service, volunteer service and so on. In July 2001, Guangzhou formulated scheme for implementation of city informatization, decided to push forward the modernization of community management and service by informatization and networking, and launched the community informatization construction. With management as lead, service as breakthrough and informatization as tool and carrier, Guangzhou centered on the construction of information system and hotline telephone system of community management service by Internet for city, district and sub district. Each community has established the Computer Public Service Center, which, made up of dozens of computers and computer touch screens. This center, with information as media, provides mutual information services for the townspeople, such as education & training, housework, employment, shopping, traffic, entertainment and health service etc. It is planned that by 2003, most sub districts will establish community service & management information system, and can provide various information and e-Commerce service. Community Informatization Construction in other cities, like Tianjing, Dalian, Qingdao, Shenzhen, etc. has also made phasic achievement, and began to spread to the neighboring areas and come to scale.

2.5 Wide Application and Dissemination of Electronic Information Technology in All Trades and Professions.
With the rapid development of China information industry, information technology (IT) has been widely applied and disseminated in all service trades and fields. It has promoted the development of all trades in national economy, boosted the course of informatization for national economy and society, and raised the living quality and living standard of the mass.
In the utilization of public information resources, China has basically formed the relatively sound system for information collecting, handling, storing and utilizing, and primarily realized data processing and reduction for standard & specification. In the fields of national resources, environment, science & technology, education, culture, hygiene, news publication., labor & social security, urban and rural construction, communication and international information resources etc, a set of comprehensive and basic databases have been established to provide numerous information products and services for the policy-making of government and enterprises
In the field of China education and science & technology, informatization has made remarkable achievements. China education & scientific research computer network and China science & technology network, have provided computer network information services covering most of colleges & universities, main science research institutes & academic institutes, and some of high & primary schools around the country. Net education, including education for university level, high & primary school level, continued to be carried forward, and remote education system is put in service.
Informatization for China medical treatment and health care has made a dramatic progress. In many large & medium-sized cities, hospital management information system (MIS) has been put in service in many hospitals. Remote medical treatment system and remote medical treatment education & training network system have been used for networks in some cities since 1998.
Application level of communication and transportation system in China railways, highways, aviation and shipping etc. has been improved continuously. Reservation handling capacity of China Civil Aviation information system has ranked among the first ten positions in the world. Its representative distribution system has completed the connection with the eight large global distribution systems in Europe and the United States etc. By the end of 1999, the annual handling capacity of tourist reservation system has reached 100 million times. The system provides international service for those navigable cities with handling capacity of more than 10 thousand tourists every year. Based on the standard EDI, annual handling capacity of freight transportation system is 1.55 million tons, and waybills are 9.5 million pieces. Departure port system service covers several main lines of airports, and annual handling tourist capacity amounts to 76 million person-time.
During "the ninth five-year plan", the industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, water conservancy and meteorology etc. speeded up the construction of information system in accordance with their actual situation. Comprehensive management information system of agriculture and country side economy can immediately communicate information among the national agricultural competent department and each provincial department, and among each region, and provide information service for the vast rural areas and numerous peasants.
Informatization of tourism has become the most potential market in the Internet e-Commerce. It has primarily established the comprehensive integral service for communication and hotel industry. These services include estimation for tickets of airplane, train or bus, and number of hotel, providing information on picture, meteorological condition, traffic, accommodation, and reservation status of each tourism sight spot.
Information system has played an important role in the prevention and control of natural calamity. This system covers the National Flood Prevention & Control Center, 7 large-valley institutes, around 100 Water Level Analysis Centers directly under the National Flood Prevention & Control Center in 23 major flood prevention & control provinces (municipalities), and 36 water level analysis centers in 4 provinces. The information collecting for the national water level takes only 90 minutes, instead of 180 minutes in the past. Since 1995, this system has delivered over 13.5 million items of water level information to each flood prevention & control department. During the anti-flood in 1998, this system delivered near 790 thousand items of water level information to the National Flood Prevention & Control Headquarter, and provided a prompt scientific basis for coordination of flood prevention & control.
Continuous improvement of Electronic Information Technology has boosted the coming of "Digit Era". In the field of communication, the second generation of mobile communication as represented by narrowband GSM and CDMA, has popularized nationwide. Mobile phone users are near 150 million, and come to the first on the list in the globe. In the field of video, digit technology gives full play to its abilities. Technology and products of digital television, digital sound, digital broadcasting, digital photograph, record and play, digital camera, digital satellite, etc. and many functions of cable television, such as, visual order program (VOD) are all digitized for the masses.
China has made a remarkable progress in digitization and network in the field of social science, humane studies and patent etc. At present, more than 3500 academic periodicals have built up videodisc bases and provided network services. "Demonstrative System of China Digital Library Engineering Construction" established by the State Bureaus and Ministries, like the Ministry of Culture and the Central Party School etc. has demonstrated to the State leaders and the people of the same occupation, and evoked the wide concerns in the society.
Farewell to "lead and fire", entering in "light and electronic"---This is a very popular word of advertisement for the reform of China news industry by using laser for typesetting. In the past, China printing publication industry applied traditional stereotype, which had low efficiency, poor quality and simple format. After applying high-tech technology in typesetting by laser, the efficiency of typesetting has greatly been raised, printing quality obviously improved, and formats colorful. Thousands of newspaper offices and tens thousands of printing houses have thoroughly remolded themselves, and entered in a new developing stage thereafter.
While many people have an impression that engineering designer manually drew engineering drawings on the drawing board several days and nights, almost all architectural design institute around the whole country had quietly changed to draw by computer. Engineering designer had liberated from that moment as a result of accurate drawing, modifying at will, and dependable storage. Thus, the efficiency has been greatly increased, and more complicated design can be performed.
Bank, being in a close relationship with the public life, used to keep accounts by hand and remit money by postal mail, with low efficiency and being easy to make mistakes. Now, with the help of computer system, it takes a shortened time for going through a procedure, what's more, it has an sharply increased reliability, and it has some unprecedented services such as general deposit and general drawing, and e-remittance can be on account within 24 hours, greatly shortening the time of capital on the way. As a result, it not only is convenient to the depositor, but also makes the manager of the bank keep abreast of the status of capital. The benefits are remarkable.
There are many other applications of electronic information technology, and it is impossible to cite all the examples.

2.6 Concluding Remarks
In general, application and dissemination of China electronic information technology has achieved great progress in recent years. It has played an important role in enhancing the development of national economy and raising the living standard of the masses. However, we should realize that application and dissemination of China electronic information technology has been developing out of balance to some extent. Development in dim-western areas is very backward. The existing information system has much space for improvement in the respect of development, processing, utilization and share. Compared with the developed countries, application grade and level of China electronic information technology are still very low. Application in some fields is still in initial stage. The disparity is obvious. Looking forward to the future, we believe that with the development of China electronic information industry, the application and dissemination of China electronic information technology would be sure to achieve much larger progress under the high attention of the State and the common efforts from the whole society.